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N.C. Local Government Finance Policy Manual

Chapter 16: The Annual Audit

Last Revised on July 17, 2025

16.0 Introduction

The Local Government Budget and Fiscal Control Act, specifically G.S. 159-34, requires local governments to have their accounts audited by independent auditors after the close of each fiscal year. An audit is a process in which an independent auditor reviews the government’s financial records to ensure they are accurate, complete, and comply with accounting standards and regulations. The auditor examines key financial documents, like the balance sheet and operating statement, to confirm they present a true and fair view of the government’s finances. The audit also includes testing the effectiveness of internal controls designed to prevent errors or fraud and verifying compliance with relevant laws and grant requirements.

Auditors play a crucial role in evaluating the financial integrity and compliance of local governments. The primary types of audits they conduct are financial audits, Yellow Book audits, and Single Audits.

Financial Audits. Financial audits focus on determining whether a local government’s financial statements accurately reflect its financial position and operations. Auditors examine financial records and internal controls to ensure compliance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), providing stakeholders with confidence in the reliability of the financial information presented. In North Carolina, all local governments and public authorities are subject to a financial audit. (G.S. 159-34). [There is an exception for soil and water conservation districts, who can substitute an internal audit for this requirement. (G.S. 139-7)].

Yellow Book Audits. Yellow Book audits are conducted in accordance with the Government Auditing Standards issued by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). These standards apply to audits of government organizations, programs, activities, and functions, encompassing financial audits, performance audits, and attestation engagements. Auditors conducting Yellow Book audits must adhere to specific ethical standards, including independence, professional judgment, and due care, and are required to complete continuing professional education, with a portion directly related to government auditing. For North Carolina local governments and public authorities, pursuant to LGC policy, a Yellow Book audit is triggered if the local government expends more than $100,000 in combined state and federal funds in a fiscal year. (Note that the trigger for the audit is the expenditure of funds, not the receipt of funds.)

Single Audits. Local governments and other non-federal entities that spend significant federal or state funds may be subject to a Single Audit. These audits evaluate both financial reporting and compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and grant agreements. A federal Single Audit is required under the federal Uniform Guidance when a non-federal entity expends $1,000,000 or more in federal funds during a fiscal year. (2 C.F.R. Part 200, Subpart F). This audit combines a financial statement audit with a compliance audit of the entity’s major federal programs. [See 2 C.F.R. 200.507 (program-specific audits); 2 C.F.R. 514]. Its purpose is to streamline oversight of federal funds by reducing duplication in the audit process and providing a comprehensive review of the use of federal assistance.

North Carolina imposes a similar requirement for state financial assistance. Under the State Single Audit Implementation Act, codified at G.S. 159-34(c), a non-federal entity that expends $1,000,000 or more in state funds during a fiscal year must undergo a state Single Audit. However, for fiscal years ending on or before June 30, 2025, the threshold is $500,000. The $1,000,000 threshold takes effect for fiscal years ending June 30, 2026, and beyond. [See LGC Memorandum #2025-04 (April 2, 2025)].

It is important to distinguish Single Audits from other types of audits. A financial audit focuses solely on the accuracy of an entity’s financial statements and its adherence to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). A Yellow Book audit (conducted under Government Auditing Standards) provides a broader framework, incorporating assessments of internal controls and compliance in addition to financial reporting. In contrast, Single Audits—whether federal or state—specifically examine how entities manage and use grant funds in accordance with grant requirements. Each type of audit serves a distinct purpose in ensuring transparency, accountability, and proper stewardship of public funds.

This chapter focuses on GAAP-based financial statement audits. Many municipalities and counties are also subject to Yellow Book and state and/or federal Single Audits. Refer to Chapter 20: Grant Management for compliance audit requirements and information.

16.1 What an Audit is Not

A financial audit is one of many important tools a local government must use to ensure proper stewardship, management, and accounting of public funds. It plays a critical role in verifying the accuracy and transparency of the government’s financial reporting. However, it’s equally important to understand what a financial audit does not do. While an audit may uncover errors or irregularities, it is not a fraud investigation. Auditors do not specifically search for fraud, although they may flag suspicious activity if encountered during their review.

A financial audit also does not assess the effectiveness of government programs or how efficiently services are delivered. Its scope is limited to determining whether the financial statements are complete, accurate, and prepared in accordance with applicable accounting standards. It is distinct from bookkeeping, which involves the routine recording of financial transactions. Rather than documenting those transactions, an audit evaluates whether the records have been properly maintained and reported. Likewise, an audit is not a tool for financial planning. It does not evaluate whether public dollars are being used in the most cost-effective way but instead ensures that the financial data reflects what actually occurred.

In short, while a financial audit does not measure operational performance or detect fraud by design, it is a key accountability mechanism. It supports sound financial management by helping to confirm that public funds are accurately tracked and reported, providing a foundation for transparency, public trust, and informed decision-making.

16.2 Preparing for the Audit

To prepare for a financial audit, a local unit needs to focus on organization, accuracy, and compliance. Start by ensuring all financial records—such as bank statements and ledgers—are up to date and properly reconciled. The general ledger should be reviewed for accuracy, and all supporting documentation (like receipts, invoices, and contracts) should be easily accessible for the auditor.

A local unit is responsible for preparing the financial statements and schedules and their accompanying notes.  Usually this is the task of the finance staff but senior management, including the governing board, have the responsibility to ensure that necessary resources are provided.  The annual external financial statements should be prepared in accordance with GAAP. There are units that may not have the internal staff or expertise to prepare the GAAP-based financial statements. In those situations, the local government may contract with an independent third party to assist in their preparation. The independent auditor may only provide limited assistance in order to avoid impairing their independence. Professional standards for auditors have greatly enhanced the requirements for independence in recent years, which has limited auditors’ ability to provide significant report preparation services.

It is necessary to review previous audit reports to address any past issues or recommendations before the current audit begins. Clear communication with the auditor is essential, so scheduling a pre-audit meeting to discuss timelines and expectations can set the stage for a smooth process. Designating a point person to coordinate between staff and the auditor will keep things moving efficiently.

Finally, ensure compliance with all relevant laws and regulations. By addressing potential issues beforehand and keeping records organized, the local government can help ensure a smooth audit and maintain transparency and accountability in its financial reporting.

16.3 Audit Due Dates

Audited financial statements, as well as any required compliance audits, for local governments with a June 30 fiscal year are due to the Local Government Commission (LGC) on or by December 31 of each year.  If an audit is submitted on January 1 or later, the audit contract must be amended and approved by the unit’s governing board. [See LGC FY 2025 Audit Due Dates (Dec. 20, 2024)].

Municipalities and counties that are requesting debt issuance approval from the LGC must submit their current audited financial statements at least two months prior to the meeting scheduled for their consideration. [See LGC FY 2025 Audit Due Dates (Dec. 20, 2024)]. And some grant and other external contracts may require a local unit to complete its audit earlier than the December 31 deadline.

Audits are considered late if received January 1 or after. If this occurs, there are several consequences. First, a Financial Performance Indicator of Concern (FPIC) is issued by the independent auditor to the entity’s manager, finance officer, and governing board. A written response is required from the unit, signed by a majority of the governing board members, the entity’s manager, and finance officer. [See LGC FY 2025 Audit Due Dates (Dec. 20, 2024)].  As discussed below, FPICSs are defined in the North Carolina Administrative Code as “Financial Performance Indicators with values which may indicate inadequate financial conditions or fiscal management concerns with the government unit.” [20 NCAC 03.0502(e)(2)].

Second, an amended audit contract must be executed and signed both by the local unit and the independent auditor.  [See LGC FY 2025 Audit Due Dates (Dec. 20, 2024)].

Third, if an audit (both financial and compliance components) is not submitted by a municipality or county by April 1, the LGC will issue the unit a notice of noncompliance. If the audit is not received by the LGC by July 1, the municipality or county is subject to potential withholding of some or all their sales tax distributions. [See LGC FY 2025 Audit Due Dates (Dec. 20, 2024)]. While the funds are not permanently lost, the delay can create significant cash flow challenges for local governments that rely on these distributions for essential services. For more information on the process for withholding sales tax distributions for late audits, see this LGC guidance discussing S.L. 2023-59.

Fourth, a late audit is one factor that the LGC considers in potentially placing a local unit on its Unit Assistance List. (For more information on the Unit Assistance List, see Chapter 1: Introduction to the Local Government Budget and Fiscal Control Act). 

Finally, a late audit submission can signal to potential lenders and grantors that a local government may have underlying financial management or internal control issues. Delays in completing the audit can raise concerns about the reliability of financial reporting and the local unit’s capacity to manage public funds effectively. This perception may impact the unit’s ability to secure funding or favorable borrowing terms.

16.4 Selecting an Independent Auditor

G.S. 159-34(a) establishes certain requirements and procedures regarding contracting for a local government’s annual audit.

First, the auditor must be selected by and report to the unit’s governing board. The auditor may not report to the unit’s manager, budget officer, or finance officer.

Second, the governing board may choose any North Carolina certified public accountant (CPA) or any accountant certified by the LGC as qualified to audit local government accounts. In practice, no non-CPA accountants have requested certification or met the requirements for certification to perform local government audits in recent years. Governing board members should assure themselves that the person or firm selected is familiar with the unique features of government accounting and auditing. Auditors should be engaged early in the fiscal year so that they can become familiar with the local government’s procedures and can complete some of the necessary testing before the fiscal year’s end. This also ensures that the auditor can plan the audit engagement and complete it in a timely manner.

16.4.1 Auditor RFP

Many local units select the auditor through a request for proposals (RFP) process. Although this is not required by state statute, using an RFP is recommended by LGC staff to secure the best audit proposal. It is common for audit engagements procured through an RFP process to range from three- to five-year terms. The RFP should cover both the technical qualifications of a potential audit firm and the firm’s cost proposals. Local officials should give more weight to an auditor’s technical skills than to the firm’s proposed audit fees. References from other local government clients should be requested from the prospective auditors. These references should be contacted so that local government officials may obtain information on other local governments’ experiences with a potential auditor. (Note that if a local unit has received federal funds, federal regulations generally require the unit to select an independent auditor through a competitive procurement process. For more information, see this blog post on procuring single audit services under the Uniform Guidance.)

The LGC has drafted sample audit RFPs for counties and cities.

16.4.2 Rotating Auditors

Contrary to common belief, government entities are not required by law to rotate auditors. The Local Government Commission (LGC) recommends issuing a request for proposals (RFP) every three to five years, but this does not mean a change in auditors is necessary. If a current audit firm continues to meet the service and pricing criteria outlined in the RFP, it may be retained.

Many governments maintain long-term relationships with the same audit firm, benefiting from the firm’s familiarity with their operations and avoiding the time and costs associated with switching auditors. It is also common for firms to rotate staff assigned to the audit to bring fresh perspectives without changing firms.

Some governing boards, however, prefer to rotate audit firms entirely to gain a new viewpoint or to give opportunities to other qualified firms. Both approaches are valid, and the LGC does not recommend one over the other. Ultimately, the decision to rotate auditors is a policy matter for each governing board to determine.

16.5 The Audit Contract

Once a governing board has chosen an independent auditor, it must enter into an audit contract. The audit contract will state that the audit must be performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, the date the auditor will submit the audit report to the LGC, and the terms and fees of the contract. [G.S. 159-34(a); 20 NCAC 03 .0502]. The LGC provides standard contract forms for the governmental entity and the auditor to complete.

The engagement letter between a local government and its independent auditor should clearly outline the specific responsibilities and expectations of both parties. Local government staff are typically responsible for completing all year-end reconciliations, posting final journal entries, providing requested documentation (such as invoices), and, if applicable, preparing a draft of the financial statements. The engagement letter should also specify timeframes and deadlines to ensure accountability and timely completion.

All audit contracts must be approved by the LGC. [G.S. 159-34(a)]. This approval does not evaluate the choice of auditor or whether the fees are reasonable. Instead, the LGC confirms that the contract meets all statutory and regulatory requirements, that the scope of services aligns with the unit’s needs, and that provisions for fee adjustments or amendments are clearly stated.

Auditors often perform interim work before the end of the fiscal year, followed by final audit procedures once year-end financial information is available. They may issue invoices in phases—during interim work, as final work progresses, and upon completion. However, the final invoice may not be submitted until the audit is complete and both the auditor’s opinion and final financial statements have been issued. All interim and final invoices must be submitted to the LGC for approval before the local government can make any payments. [G.S. 159-34(a)]. This review ensures that billed services fall within the scope of the approved audit contract. These requirements also apply to any additional audit-related engagements, such as internal control reviews or forensic audits.

16.6 The Auditor’s Opinion

The auditor’s primary task is to render an independent opinion that the basic financial statements and the related disclosures are prepared in conformity with GAAP.  The auditor also opines that the financial statements and disclosures are materially accurate such that they are reliable enough for a knowledgeable reader to use them to make informed judgments about a local government entity’s financial position and operations. It should be stressed that the independent auditor does not render an opinion as to the financial condition of the governmental entity. This is one of the most common misconceptions about a favorable audit opinion. If the financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and are deemed materially accurate, then the financial statements will properly convey the entity’s financial condition. Financial audits are also not designed or intended to search for fraud. Of course, fraudulent activities may be uncovered in the course of an audit, but that is not the intent or design of the financial audit. 

The independent auditor most commonly renders one of two types of opinions. First, it may be an unmodified opinion (frequently referred to as a “clean” opinion). With an unmodified audit opinion, the auditor is opining that the financial statements present fairly the unit of government’s financial position at the close of the fiscal year, in conformity with GAAP. Thus, there is no modification placed on the opinion (i.e., there are no material exceptions noted). All North Carolina local governments should strive for an unmodified opinion.  Those that do not receive an unmodified opinion are required to correct the problems that caused the modification such that future opinions will not be modified.

A modified opinion is a second possibility. If in some way a local government’s practices materially vary from GAAP, the auditor’s opinion may state that the statements fairly represent the local government’s financial position except for any such deviation. For example, the most common type of problem that may result in a modified auditor’s opinion is inadequate records supporting the valuation of a government’s capital assets in its financial statements. An opinion modification also may be due to a scope limitation. This occurs when the independent auditor is unable to perform certain tests that are an essential part of the audit. For example, a local government’s accounting system may fail to provide adequate documentation for some revenue and expenditure transactions, in which case the auditor’s ability to test such transactions would be limited.

16.7 Auditor Presentation to the Governing Board and Board Response

Independent auditors are required to present the audited financial statements and the overall results of the audit to the local unit’s governing board or audit committee of the board in an official open meeting. [20 NCAC 03 .0502(c)(5)]. This presentation must occur no later than forty-five days after the audited financial statements have been submitted to the LGC. The auditor must include, if applicable,

(A) the description of each finding, including all material weaknesses and significant deficiencies, as found by the auditor, and any other issues related to the internal controls or fiscal health of the government unit as disclosed in the management letter, the Single Audit or Yellow Book reports, or any other communications from the auditor regarding internal controls as required by current auditing standards set by the Accounting Standards Board or its successor;

(B) the status of the prior year audit findings;

(C) the values of Financial Performance Indicators based on information presented in the audited financial statements; and

(D) notification to the governing body that the governing body shall develop a “Response to the Auditor’s Findings, Recommendations, and Fiscal Matters,” if required . . . .

[20 NCAC 03 .0502(c)(5)].

It is important that the local unit’s governing board work with the auditor to make sure the meeting is scheduled on time. It may require the board to call a special meeting. 

16.7.1 Financial Performance Indicators of Concern

The North Carolina Local Government Commission (LGC) uses a structured set of Financial Performance Indicators (FPIs) to assess the fiscal health of local government units. These indicators are based on data drawn from the audited financial statements and are designed to evaluate a government unit’s financial condition and performance in a consistent and comparable way across jurisdictions. [See 20 NCAC 03 .0502(e)(1)]. According to 20 NCAC 03 .0502(e)(1), FPIs include values such as fund balance adequacy, liquidity, solvency, debt service coverage, leverage, and any other indicators the Secretary of the LGC may establish. When a unit’s FPI values fall below established thresholds, they are designated as Financial Performance Indicators of Concern (FPICs)—defined in 20 NCAC 03 .0502(e)(2)—and may signal inadequate financial condition or poor fiscal management.

FPICs are not limited to a single aspect of financial performance. Instead, they cover a wide range of financial and compliance-related indicators. Some of the core FPICs include:

  • Fund Balance Available Percentage: Measures the unassigned fund balance in the General Fund relative to expenditures, indicating the unit’s ability to respond to emergencies and maintain operations.
  • Quick Ratio (in water and sewer enterprise funds): Measures short-term liquidity by comparing current assets to current liabilities.
  • Operating Margin (in enterprise funds): Evaluates whether the utility is operating at a surplus or deficit by comparing operating revenues to operating expenses.
  • Unrestricted Cash (in enterprise funds): Reflects immediate cash availability for operations without legal or contractual restrictions.
  • Transfers Out (from utility funds): Measures the extent to which water, sewer, or electric revenues are used to support other governmental activities.
  • Capital Asset Condition Ratio: Compares accumulated depreciation to the historical cost of assets to assess infrastructure health.
  • Uncollected Property Tax Levy: Reflects the efficiency of the unit’s tax collection efforts.
  • Decrease in Property Tax Base: Signals possible long-term threats to the government’s revenue stream.

In addition to these financial metrics, several compliance and governance issues are also treated as FPICs:

  • Late Audit Submission: An audit submitted on or after December 1 for a June 30 fiscal year end is considered late and flagged as an FPIC. Late audits may indicate internal control weaknesses or administrative delays and raise concerns for lenders and grantors.
  • Budget Law Violations and failure to follow G.S. 159-28 preaudit and disbursement processes.
  • Absence of a Board-Appointed Finance Officer, as required by G.S. 159-24.
  • Material Weaknesses or Significant Deficiencies in Internal Controls identified in the auditor’s report, pursuant to Government Auditing Standards and Uniform Guidance.
  • Late or Missed Debt Service Payments, which may also violate loan or bond covenants.
  • Excessive Transfers from Electric Funds, exceeding limits established in G.S. 159B-39 or the local unit’s governing policy.
  • Inclusion on the LGC’s Unit Assistance List, which indicates broader operational or financial concerns.

Together, the FPIC framework serves as an early warning and accountability tool, allowing the LGC to identify and respond to potential fiscal distress before it becomes a crisis. These indicators promote transparency, encourage corrective action, and help ensure that local governments in North Carolina remain responsible stewards of public funds.

16.7.2 Management Letter

Additionally, the auditor normally suggests improvements to the local government entity’s operations and internal control procedures in a management letter that accompanies the audit report. This letter is a public document addressed to the unit’s governing board and typically makes various specific suggestions for improving internal control and financial procedures. These suggestions normally arise from the audit but do not meet the threshold of the aforementioned deficiencies, weaknesses, or FPICs. The management letter is delivered at the same time as the audited financial statements. Often the auditor’s suggestions have been informally made earlier, and some may already have been addressed at the time of the formal presentation.

16.7.3 Governing Board Response to Audit Presentation and Findings

If a local governing board is notified by its independent auditor that the audited financial statements include one or more significant deficiencies, material weaknesses, or  FPICs, the board must submit a written response to the Secretary of the Local Government Commission (LGC) within 60 days of the auditor’s presentation of the audit report. The response must be signed by a majority of the board members and must address each audit finding and FPIC identified. For each issue, the response should outline specific corrective actions, including measurable steps, implementation timelines, and any actions required by the governing body. [20 NCAC 03 .0508]. The LGC provides sample FPIC responses and guidance. If the board disagrees with any finding, the response must include a detailed explanation of its reasoning. [20 NCAC 03 .0508].

16.8 Avoiding the Most Common Opinion Modification

Nationwide, capital asset accounting and reporting continues to be one of the more significant challenges in state and local government accounting. In recent years, the LGC and the independent public accountants auditing local governments, as well as the national Government Finance Officers Association, have placed increased emphasis on capital asset records. If these records are inadequate, the independent auditor’s opinion may need to be modified, and this may adversely affect a local unit’s ability to obtain approval from the LGC for debt issuances. It may even have an adverse impact on a governmental entity’s bond rating. An adequate capital asset accounting system can provide significant advantages. It places responsibility for the safekeeping of such assets with a unit’s management, thereby improving internal control. It also serves as a basis for establishing maintenance and replacement schedules for equipment and for determining the level of fire and hazard insurance that should be carried on buildings and other capital assets.

The capitalization threshold that management establishes for financial reporting purposes should not be presumed to be directly correlated to adequate internal control of government property. For years, there has often been the misconception that the lower the capitalization threshold, the less likely it is that the capital asset will be lost, misplaced, or misused. However, low capitalization thresholds simply clutter the internal capital asset records with immaterial items and actually make them less useful. The external financial statements should focus on material items, and there is a significant internal cost to maintaining unusually low capitalization thresholds. For North Carolina governments, it is preferable that thresholds be no lower than $5,000; however, for small governments, it is acceptable for thresholds to be lower but no less than $1,000. The threshold is used only to determine where on the external financial statements capital assets will be reported. The threshold does not obviate the need for management at the departmental level to maintain adequate internal controls and records to safeguard all government property. Also, as a general rule, capitalization thresholds for financial reporting purposes are a management responsibility and there is no required official action by governing boards to establish or modify them.

16 The Annual Audit

Sample Ordinances and Policies

16 The Annual Audit

Implementation Tools

There are currently no implementation tools for this chapter.

16 The Annual Audit

LGC Memos

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How to Respond to Financial Performance Indicators of Concern (FPICs)

Opioid Settlement Funds: Auditing and Compliance Reporting

2022 State Compliance Supplements

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2018 Revision – Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS) AKA “The Yellow...

Local Entities Responsibilities for the Financial Reports and Records

Auditors Responsibilities and the Role of SLGFD Staff

Changes to State Single Audit Implementation Act

Clarified Auditing Standards

2011 Revision – Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS)

Guidance for Auditing Supplementary Information

16 The Annual Audit

Finance in Fives

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16 The Annual Audit

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Disbursing Public Funds

May 23, 2014 1:35 pm
G.S. 159-28 is often referred to as the “preaudit statute,” but it actually prescribes two distinct legal processes—the preaudit process and the disbursement process. The statute envisions that most local government expenditures will be subject to both processes.

Budgeting Under “Tag & Tax Together”

February 27, 2014 11:35 am
It’s almost budget time again for local governments across North Carolina, and tax collectors need to be involved.  Collectors have the responsibility of estimating the property tax collection rate for the current fiscal year (2013-2014), which is the maximum collection rate a local government may use when budgeting property tax revenues for the coming fiscal year (2014-2015).  For more details, see this post.

When May NC Local Governments Pay an Economic Development Incentive?

December 17, 2013 1:00 pm
News outlets regularly report about the latest company that was lured to North Carolina through the payment of a cash economic development incentive by a local government and the state.

Daily Deposit Requirement

January 14, 2013 10:47 am
It is summer camp registration time at Fun City’s parks and recreation department. Department staff members are processing hundreds of registrations each day. That also means that the department is receiving hundreds of dollars in daily cash, checks, and credit card payments. The parks and recreation department collects registration payments throughout the year, but the volume is exponentially greater during the two- to three-week period of summer camp registration.

Capital Reserve Funds Revisited

October 29, 2012 12:08 pm
In a recent post, I discussed two ways through which a local government may save money over time to fund capital projects. The first is through fund balance and the second is by establishing a capital reserve fund. I received several follow-up questions about capital reserve funds that may be of interest to local government officials, including the following:

Accountability Requirements for Certain Entities that Receive Appropriations from Local Governments

September 7, 2012 12:38 pm
As discussed in a previous post, local governments have broad authority to appropriate monies to private entities (including nonprofits, corporations, associations, and individuals). The monies, however, must be expended by the private entities only on projects, services, or activities that the local government could have supported directly.

Internal Controls: Who Is Authorized to Open a Bank Account and to Deposit and Disburse Public Funds?

July 26, 2012 4:17 pm
Sheriff Andy Taylor holds a fundraiser to raise money for, and promote awareness of, his office’s drug abuse resistance education (D.A.R.E.) program. The office raises approximately $5,000 in cash and checks from the fundraiser (selling Aunt Bee’s famous pies) and Sheriff Taylor promptly deposits these funds into a bank account that he has opened at the Bank of Mayberry. The bank account is in the name of the sheriff’s office, and the sheriff and his deputy, Barney Fife, are the only individuals authorized to deposit or withdraw funds from the account.

Local Government Authority to Loan Money

May 10, 2012 3:32 pm
It is quiz time again. Which of the following (if any) loan transactions are authorized under North Carolina general law? a.   A group of citizens has formed a softball league. The local league plans to host a large softball tournament as a fundraiser to support its activities. It lacks the resources to front the costs of the tournament, though. The citizens approach the city council for a $5,000 loan. They intend to repay the city from proceeds generated by the tournament. b.   A local ABC board wishes to make some capital improvements to one of its stores.

Finance Officer Fidelity Bonds: When Are Multiple Bonds Required?

January 12, 2012 12:52 pm
Prudence serves as a finance officer for a North Carolina county. As a condition of her initial (and continued) employment Prudence is required to obtain and maintain a “true accounting and faithful performance bond” with coverage of up to $50,000. (The county pays the annual premium on the bond.) Recently, the county agreed to handle the finances for the local tourism development authority (TDA). The TDA is a public authority that was created by resolution of the county’s governing board, as authorized by a local act of the General Assembly.

Amending a Newly Adopted Budget Ordinance Before July 1

June 13, 2011 9:32 pm
After a contentious and stressful budget season, Carolina County’s governing board adopts its annual budget ordinance on June 13, 2011. The budget reflects tough decisions by the board about how to allocate limited resources among competing priorities.

Altering Local Elected Officials’ Compensation During the Fiscal Year

December 9, 2010 10:19 am
Newly elected (or re-elected) local officials were sworn-in all over the state on Monday night. As the newly constituted boards settle in and prepare to govern, questions typically arise about the extent to which a board may alter its unit’s budget to reflect new priorities and policies (and, perhaps, new economic realities).

Levying the Property Tax: Earmarking Tax Revenue for Specific Purposes

January 21, 2010 10:38 pm
UPDATE August 2013: Note that if a local unit’s governing board adopts multiple tax rates to support its general fund activities, the board is not legally bound by those designations.

A Look at North Carolina’s Constitutional Public Purpose Requirement

January 7, 2010 11:28 am
In a post describing the recently enacted legislation that (potentially) authorizes North Carolina local governments to establish revolving loan funds or impose special assessments in order to finance energy efficiency improvements and distributed generation renewable energy sources permanently affixed to private property, I indicated that one (of many) complicating factors is determining whether or not such “energy financing” programs satisfy the public purpose clause of the North Carolina Constitution.

Local Governments, Public Authorities, and the Red Flags Rule: Does it Apply?

October 12, 2009 10:46 am
UPDATE August 2013: For more recent information on this topic click here. Jill Moore recently blogged about the applicability of the federal Red Flag Rules to local health departments and the appropriate responses by those departments to prevent or mitigate identity theft.

Amending the Budget Ordinance—

August 3, 2009 9:47 am
Anxieties are running high among many local government officials as they await the adoption of the State’s budget to learn the fate of local revenue sources.

American Rescue Plan Act Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Fund: Reimbursements

June 30, 2023 8:31 am
As detailed in previous posts, North Carolina counties and municipalities received funding from the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Fund (ARP/CSLFRF). This federal grant funding has afforded local governments opportunities to make transformational investments in their communities.

American Rescue Plan Act Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Fund: Preparing for the Audit

June 21, 2023 12:30 pm
As detailed in previous posts, all NC counties and municipalities received federal grant funding from the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recover Fund (ARP/CSLFRF). There are detailed expenditure guidelines, and compliance and reporting requirements for these grant funds. A local government’s auditor plays an important role in monitoring compliance with these requirements and flagging any issues during the annual audit process.

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021: New (Fewer) Compliance Requirements for Revenue Replacement Expenditures

September 1, 2022 5:38 pm
As detailed in previous posts, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds (ARP/CSLFRF) allows local governments to spend their allocations on eligible projects within four major expenditure groupings:

Using American Rescue Plan Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds to Contract with Other Governments, Nonprofits, or Other Private Entities: Subawards

July 26, 2022 5:43 pm
As detailed in previous posts, NC local governments are receiving significant funding from the federal American Rescue Plan Act Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds program (ARP/CSLFRF). The availability of these funds presents many opportunities but also poses challenges for local governments navigating the myriad compliance requirements.

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021: Spending Revenue Replacement Funds on Salaries and Benefits

June 3, 2022 11:53 am
UPDATED August 2022: On July 27, 2022, US Treasury amended its Final Rule FAQs to exempt expenditures in the Revenue Replacement category from some Uniform Guidance provisions. Those changes are reflected in the updated post below. 

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021: Reporting “Program Income” (Including Sample Policy)

March 2, 2022 1:20 pm
Update: We finally have sample UG policies and other implementation tools ready to share. Kara Millonzi’s  blog post contains links to, and brief explanations of, the different policies and tools. We may update these policies or draft additional guidance as Treasury releases new information.

Expending ARP/CSLFRF Funds for Local Government Employee Salary, Benefit, and Other Payroll Costs OUTSIDE of Revenue Replacement (For Local Governments with OVER $10 Million Allocation Only)

February 22, 2023 8:32 am
The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Fund (ARP/CSLFRF) program provides significant funding to all North Carolina counties and municipalities. As detailed in previous posts, this federal grant program groups allowable expenditures of these funds in four main categories:

American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARP): State Law Authority To Expend ARP Funds

June 19, 2021 12:58 pm
Update: On January 6, 2022, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued the Final Rule, which governs the eligible uses of Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds (“SLFRF”) under the American Rescue Plan Act (“ARPA”). The Final Rule makes several key changes to the Interim Final Rule, including expanding the eligible uses of CSLFRF and easing the administrative burden for some program requirements.

2023 Updates to System Development Fee Law

October 25, 2023 2:10 pm
As discussed in previous posts, the system development fee (SDF) law, G.S. Ch. 162A, Art. 8, allows a local government utility provider to assess certain costs of developing and maintaining its water and/or wastewater systems on new development that benefits from those systems.

American Rescue Plan Act Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Fund: Preparing for the April 30, 2023 Project & Expenditure Report

April 11, 2023 4:04 pm
As discussed in previous posts, all NC counties and municipalities received funding from the American Rescue Plan Act Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Fund (ARP/CSLFRF). These are federal grant funds that come with eligibility restrictions, compliance requirements, and reporting obligations. The primary reporting vehicle is the Project & Expenditure Report.

Raising the Federal Micro-Purchase Threshold: Self-Certification for Units of Local Government in North Carolina

April 23, 2021 10:30 am
On August 13, 2020, the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”) published revisions to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (2 C.F.R.

Procuring Single Audit Services under the Uniform Guidance (2 C.F.R. Part 200)

January 12, 2022 2:40 pm
With the passage of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (“ARPA”), almost all cities and counties in North Carolina received distributions of Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds (“CSLFRF”) from the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) to assist with pandemic recovery efforts.

Design-Build Contracting in North Carolina Using Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds

April 14, 2022 12:06 pm
The U.S.

Internal Control in Financial Management: Understanding the Basics

November 1, 2023 3:58 pm
Headline: City finance employee embezzles public money. While the facts may differ, the story underlying this all-too-common headline is usually one in which a trusted employee slowly pockets money by writing checks or electronically transferring funds to a personal bank account until the fraud is eventually uncovered. How did this happen? Citizens want to know. They look to the governing board for answers—we elected you and entrusted you to protect us.

Amending the Budget Ordinance—

August 3, 2009 9:47 am
Anxieties are running high among many local government officials as they await the adoption of the State’s budget to learn the fate of local revenue sources.

Local Governments, Public Authorities, and the Red Flags Rule: Does it Apply?

October 12, 2009 10:46 am
UPDATE August 2013: For more recent information on this topic click here. Jill Moore recently blogged about the applicability of the federal Red Flag Rules to local health departments and the appropriate responses by those departments to prevent or mitigate identity theft.

A Look at North Carolina’s Constitutional Public Purpose Requirement

January 7, 2010 11:28 am
In a post describing the recently enacted legislation that (potentially) authorizes North Carolina local governments to establish revolving loan funds or impose special assessments in order to finance energy efficiency improvements and distributed generation renewable energy sources permanently affixed to private property, I indicated that one (of many) complicating factors is determining whether or not such “energy financing” programs satisfy the public purpose clause of the North Carolina Constitution.

Levying the Property Tax: Earmarking Tax Revenue for Specific Purposes

January 21, 2010 10:38 pm
UPDATE August 2013: Note that if a local unit’s governing board adopts multiple tax rates to support its general fund activities, the board is not legally bound by those designations.

Top Ten Questions about the Local Public School Budgeting Process

May 6, 2010 12:06 pm
UPDATE August 2013: For updated information on the public school funding dispute resolution process, click here. In my last post, I reviewed the constitutional and statutory framework for county funding of local school administrative units (public schools).

Altering Local Elected Officials’ Compensation During the Fiscal Year

December 9, 2010 10:19 am
Newly elected (or re-elected) local officials were sworn-in all over the state on Monday night. As the newly constituted boards settle in and prepare to govern, questions typically arise about the extent to which a board may alter its unit’s budget to reflect new priorities and policies (and, perhaps, new economic realities).

Amending a Newly Adopted Budget Ordinance Before July 1

June 13, 2011 9:32 pm
After a contentious and stressful budget season, Carolina County’s governing board adopts its annual budget ordinance on June 13, 2011. The budget reflects tough decisions by the board about how to allocate limited resources among competing priorities.

Finance Officer Fidelity Bonds: When Are Multiple Bonds Required?

January 12, 2012 12:52 pm
Prudence serves as a finance officer for a North Carolina county. As a condition of her initial (and continued) employment Prudence is required to obtain and maintain a “true accounting and faithful performance bond” with coverage of up to $50,000. (The county pays the annual premium on the bond.) Recently, the county agreed to handle the finances for the local tourism development authority (TDA). The TDA is a public authority that was created by resolution of the county’s governing board, as authorized by a local act of the General Assembly.

Local Government Authority to Loan Money

May 10, 2012 3:32 pm
It is quiz time again. Which of the following (if any) loan transactions are authorized under North Carolina general law? a.   A group of citizens has formed a softball league. The local league plans to host a large softball tournament as a fundraiser to support its activities. It lacks the resources to front the costs of the tournament, though. The citizens approach the city council for a $5,000 loan. They intend to repay the city from proceeds generated by the tournament. b.   A local ABC board wishes to make some capital improvements to one of its stores.

FAQs on Adopting the Budget Ordinance

June 14, 2012 11:47 am
Local governments across the state are scrambling to finalize and adopt their budgets before July 1. This post provides a brief overview of the applicable procedural requirements and addresses frequently asked questions about the budgeting process.

Internal Controls: Who Is Authorized to Open a Bank Account and to Deposit and Disburse Public Funds?

July 26, 2012 4:17 pm
Sheriff Andy Taylor holds a fundraiser to raise money for, and promote awareness of, his office’s drug abuse resistance education (D.A.R.E.) program. The office raises approximately $5,000 in cash and checks from the fundraiser (selling Aunt Bee’s famous pies) and Sheriff Taylor promptly deposits these funds into a bank account that he has opened at the Bank of Mayberry. The bank account is in the name of the sheriff’s office, and the sheriff and his deputy, Barney Fife, are the only individuals authorized to deposit or withdraw funds from the account.

Accountability Requirements for Certain Entities that Receive Appropriations from Local Governments

September 7, 2012 12:38 pm
As discussed in a previous post, local governments have broad authority to appropriate monies to private entities (including nonprofits, corporations, associations, and individuals). The monies, however, must be expended by the private entities only on projects, services, or activities that the local government could have supported directly.

Capital Reserve Funds Revisited

October 29, 2012 12:08 pm
In a recent post, I discussed two ways through which a local government may save money over time to fund capital projects. The first is through fund balance and the second is by establishing a capital reserve fund. I received several follow-up questions about capital reserve funds that may be of interest to local government officials, including the following:

Daily Deposit Requirement

January 14, 2013 10:47 am
It is summer camp registration time at Fun City’s parks and recreation department. Department staff members are processing hundreds of registrations each day. That also means that the department is receiving hundreds of dollars in daily cash, checks, and credit card payments. The parks and recreation department collects registration payments throughout the year, but the volume is exponentially greater during the two- to three-week period of summer camp registration.

When May NC Local Governments Pay an Economic Development Incentive?

December 17, 2013 1:00 pm
News outlets regularly report about the latest company that was lured to North Carolina through the payment of a cash economic development incentive by a local government and the state.

Budgeting Under “Tag & Tax Together”

February 27, 2014 11:35 am
It’s almost budget time again for local governments across North Carolina, and tax collectors need to be involved.  Collectors have the responsibility of estimating the property tax collection rate for the current fiscal year (2013-2014), which is the maximum collection rate a local government may use when budgeting property tax revenues for the coming fiscal year (2014-2015).  For more details, see this post.

Allocating Operating Monies Among Local School Unit Funds: Local Current Expense Fund vs. Fund 8

June 10, 2014 9:53 am
The majority of funding for North Carolina’s public schools comes from the State. Each county, however, is required to annually fund most capital expenses and at least some operating expenses of its local school administrative unit(s). Questions often arise as to whether, and how, a county can direct its appropriations to specific operating expenditures.

Disbursing Public Funds

May 23, 2014 1:35 pm
G.S. 159-28 is often referred to as the “preaudit statute,” but it actually prescribes two distinct legal processes—the preaudit process and the disbursement process. The statute envisions that most local government expenditures will be subject to both processes.

Expending Funds After the End of the Fiscal Year

October 2, 2014 4:20 pm
It is May 2015 and several of Procrastination Village’s staff members are frantically ordering supplies and equipment to spend down remaining budget appropriations by the end of the 2014-15 fiscal year. As of May 1, the parks and recreation department has $1500 remaining in its budget for supplies. (The village board makes budget appropriations by function code within each department. The total appropriation for parks and recreation department supplies for the year was $10,000.) Department staff members place an order for t-shirts for upcoming soccer leagues totaling $1498.

Special Purpose Local Governments and Public Authorities

February 10, 2015 10:10 am
North Carolina is a non-home rule state, which means that its local government entities are created by, and derive all their authority from, the General Assembly. The General Assembly has created a relatively flat local government structure. Almost all governmental responsibilities have been vested in two general-purpose governments—counties and municipalities (cities, towns, villages).

Determining Local Board of Elections Director’s Salary

March 16, 2015 3:00 pm
A county’s board of commissioners is required to provide “reasonable and adequate funds necessary” to support the functions of the county board of elections, “including reasonable and just compensation of the director of elections.” G.S. 163-37.

Notices and Public Participation in the Budgeting Process

May 18, 2015 1:21 pm
Budget season is in full swing for most local governments across the state. Managers, budget officers, department heads, and others are busy compiling expenditure requests and identifying potential revenue sources to balance the budget for the fiscal year that begins on July 1. Elected officials in many jurisdictions have been actively involved in setting policy and funding priorities for the unit. They are preparing to make difficult choices as to which projects and services to undertake, and which initiatives to postpone or even abandon.

Transferring Money from an Enterprise Fund: Authority, Limitations, and Consequences

June 5, 2015 8:06 am
As local governments finalize their budgets, many governing boards are wrestling with difficult decisions over how to raise sufficient revenues to cover estimated expenses during the upcoming fiscal year. G.S. 159-8 requires a governing board to adopt a balanced budget ordinance, whereby estimated revenues plus appropriated fund balances equal appropriations.

Public School Funding Dispute Resolution Process Revisited

May 15, 2015 1:59 pm
In Union County Board of Education vs. Union County Board of Commissioners, ___ N.C. App. ___, No. COA14-633 (Apr.

Richmond County Board of Education v. Cowell: Clear Proceeds of Improper Equipment Offense Surcharge Belongs to Public Schools

September 17, 2015 5:36 pm
As part of the Justice Reinvestment Act of 2011, the legislature enacted G.S. 7A-304(a)(4b), which assesses a $50.00 surcharge on any individual convicted of an improper equipment offense. Improper equipment offenses are generally defined in G.S. Ch. 20, Art.

New Law Modernizes Preaudit and Disbursement Processes

September 24, 2015 10:02 am
Effective October 1, 2015, local governments, public authorities, and school units are subject to new preaudit and disbursement processes (assuming the Governor does not veto H44).

State and Local Government Financial Data Transparency Law

March 17, 2016 9:35 am
A provision in the state budget, Section 7.17 of S.L. 2015-241, set new transparency requirements related to certain financial data of state agencies, counties, municipalities, and local school administrative units. The law mandates full compliance by April 1, 2016. But what does it actually require?

Statutory Internal Controls

December 20, 2017 4:52 pm
Recent high-profile examples of alleged misappropriation and embezzlement of public funds, and other fraudulent activity, by local government officials across the state should prompt all local governments to examine their internal control systems. Internal controls are processes designed to safeguard the assets of the unit. Although the exact nature of internal controls will vary significantly from government to government, due to differences in size, resources, and organizational structure, all local government entities need to take steps to ensure the proper safeguard of public funds.

Legal and Business Reasons Why Downtown Development Programs Should Involve Secured Loans—Not Grants

September 19, 2017 11:37 am
Dr. Blaine Beeper is a retired hospital administrator who was recently elected to council in the Town of Bushwood. Dr. Beeper thinks he has figured out how to jumpstart revitalization of Bushwood’s historic downtown. He proposes for the Town to offer annual cash grants to any owner who redevelops a commercial property within the downtown. Dr.

North Carolina Municipalities Authorized to Fund Schools

June 26, 2018 12:59 pm
In North Carolina, the majority of funding (approximately 63 percent in aggregate, according to the 2018 Highlights of the North Carolina Public School Budget) for public school operations derives from the state income tax and sales tax proceeds, as appropriated by the state legislature.

How Interim Budgets Might Impact Tax Collections

May 14, 2020 11:29 am
Interim budgets may provide breathing room for local governments wary of setting their 2020-2021 property tax before they know the full extent of how the COVID-19 pandemic will affect the state and local economies. But interim budgets are not without consequences.

Revenue-Neutral Rate Calculations for Multi-County Municipalities

April 1, 2021 11:27 am
Time for a North Carolina geography quiz! In which counties are these cities located: Chapel Hill, Durham, and Raleigh?

Budgeting for American Rescue Plan Act Funds

June 16, 2021 2:32 pm
As detailed here and here, the federal American Rescue Plan Act (ARP) provides si

Raising the Federal Micro-Purchase Threshold: Self-Certification for Units of Local Government in North Carolina

April 23, 2021 10:30 am
On August 13, 2020, the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”) published revisions to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (2 C.F.R. Part 200) (the “Uniform Guidance”).  Among other things, the revisions to the Uniform Guidance allow some non-Federal entities to raise, via annual self-certification, the generally applicable micro-purchase threshold of $10,000 to a “higher threshold consistent with State law.”

American Rescue Plan Act: Aid for Small Businesses and Nonprofits with ARP/CLFRF

October 4, 2021 9:57 am
The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA) is a wide-ranging law that provides federal funding in areas ranging from child care to higher education to community service to relief for shuttered venues to a restaurant revitalization fund.

Local Government Support for Privately Owned Affordable Housing

May 16, 2022 3:51 pm
By most accounts, the need for affordable housing across North Carolina is massive. According to 2019 census data, over a million North Carolina households are “cost burdened,” meaning they spend more than 30% of their income on housing. Almost half of those are “severely cost burdened,” meaning they spend more than 50% of their income on housing. What can local governments do to address the need for more affordable housing?

Design-Build Contracting in North Carolina Using Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds

April 14, 2022 12:06 pm
The U.S. Department of the Treasury has stated in its Interim Final Rule and Final Rule applicable to Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds (“Fiscal Recovery Funds”) that, with few exceptions, the procurement standards contained in the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (2 C.F.R. Part 200) (the “Uniform Guidance” or “UG”) apply when a recipient or subrecipient of Fiscal Recovery Funds uses these monies to purchase goods or services.  These procurement standards require a unit of local government receiving Fiscal Recovery Funds to abide by procurement procedures that are consistent with state law, locally adopted rules, and 2...

Impending Changes to Bonding Requirements for Finance Officers: Prepare Now For January 1, 2023 and Beyond

November 23, 2022 8:00 am
Since 2005, the Local Government Budget and Fiscal Control Act (“LGBFCA”) has required finance officers of units of local government and public authorities in North Carolina to provide to their respective entities a “faithful performance bond with sufficient sureties in an amount not less than fifty thousand dollars.”  G.S. § 159-29(a); S.L. 2005-238, Sec.

Local Government Budgeting for Specific Expenditures, Projects, or Contracts

May 26, 2023 3:11 pm
It’s budget season, which triggers perennial issues related to the budgeting process and substance of the annual budget ordinance. Some of these are addressed in past posts. This year I’ve had several inquiries about how specific a budget appropriation can be. Examples include the following:

The Burial Property Exemption

August 8, 2024 10:00 am
As a child of the 80’s, questions about the Machinery Act’s treatment of burial grounds immediately bring to mind the classic horror movie Poltergeist. (TL;DR for younger readers: don’t buy a house built on an old cemetery.)  I don’t have any great ideas about how to deal with malevolent ghosts. But I do have thoughts on how to apply the revised exemption for private burial property that took effect starting with the 2022 tax year.

Local Government Budgeting Options when Revenue Streams are Uncertain

June 15, 2013 12:00 am
Each local government and public authority is required to adopt an annual budget ordinance that recognizes estimated revenues, authorizes expenditures, and levies tax(es) for the forthcoming fiscal year. The Local Government Budget and Fiscal Control Act (LGBFCA), G.S. Ch. 159, Art. 3, requires, among other things, that the budget ordinance be balanced. A budget ordinance is balanced when “the sum of estimated net revenues and appropriated fund balances is equal to appropriations.” The law requires an exact balances; it permits neither a deficit nor a surplus. And G.S. 159-13 mandates that estimated revenues include “only those revenues reasonably expected to be realized in...

County Commissioners’ Control Over Local Board of Elections’ Employees

July 21, 2011 12:00 am
A county’s board of commissioners (BOC) has the power and responsibility to “develop() and direct() the fiscal policy of the county government.” G.S. 153A-101. The board adopts the annual county budget ordinance, as well as capital project ordinances, and has much discretion in allocating funds among the various county government activities. There are some limits to this authority, though. This is because county governments are highly decentralized. Although a BOC serves as a county’s general governing body, it shares authority over many governmental functions with other elected county officials and other semi-autonomous boards and agencies. This shared authority gives rise to tensions,...

County Tax Collection Obligations for Motor Vehicles Under the “Tag & Tax Together” Program

August 19, 2013 12:00 am
On September 1, the state’s Tag & Tax Together program formally launches statewide.  All N.C. vehicle owners will be required to pay property taxes owed on their vehicles at the same time they register those vehicles each year with the Division of Motor Vehicles. The joint payment system actually went live in July, meaning vehicle owners with September renewals can already pay their taxes and registration fees simultaneously via the DMV website.

Financing Capital Projects—Part I: “Saving” through Fund Balance and Capital Reserve Funds

October 7, 2012 12:00 am
UPDATE August 2013: For more information on capital reserve funds, click here. Blight City has fallen on hard times. Its population has declined significantly since the 1990s, due in large part to the shuttering of two large manufacturing plants. Emblematic of the city’s decline is its central downtown area. Once a vibrant community center, it is now comprised mainly of run-down, vacant buildings. Recently, however, a mid-sized micro-brewed root beer company purchased one of the old manufacturing plants (located just outside the city’s downtown) and began operations. It employs 200 people and plans to double its workforce over the next two...

S.L. 2020-3 (SB 704) Makes (Limited) Changes to Budget Process

May 7, 2020 12:00 am
In response to COVID-19, the legislature adopted two comprehensive bills that touch on a variety of areas, including a few local government finance-related issues. One of those issues is the annual budget ordinance adoption process. This post explains the normal process and details the recent (limited) legislative changes.

The N.C. Constitution’s Uniformity Clause

June 9, 2011 12:00 am
Given the dire economic news of late, it’s no surprise that the General Assembly and local governments are trying to get creative with local property taxes.  Consider the suggestion from one county to levy a more progressive property tax, with one rate for real property valued less than $1,000,000 and a much higher rate for more valuable properties.  How about a property tax exclusion available only in larger counties that might more easily absorb the reduction in tax revenues?

If We Can’t Collect a Fee, Can We Just Say No? Use of Impact Fees and Adequate Public Facility Regulatory Requirements

October 12, 2010 12:00 am
UPDATE September 2013:  The North Carolina supreme court subsequently ruled that counties do not have statutory authority to impose school impact fees. That 2012 case is discussed here. The population of Partition County has grown dramatically over the past several decades. The county has struggled to keep up with provision of public facilities to serve this growth. While the rate of growth has slowed in the past few years, the schools are still substantially overcrowded in the northern half of the county, where most of the growth has occurred. The schools there have modular temporary classrooms on site and most of these...

Should North Carolina Bet Big on Sports Gambling?

November 11, 2021 12:00 am
[UPDATES: June 2023: H347 is signed into law by Governor Cooper, authorizing on-line sports gambling to begin within 1 year and levying an 18% tax on gambling revenue. March 2023: a sports gambling bill was filed in the NC House that would charge license fees of $1 million every five years and a 14% tax on gambling revenues. June 2022: A bill to legalize on-line sports gambling in North Carolina failed by a single vote.  Sponsors of the bill promise to revisit the issue in the General Assembly’s next session.] Just three years ago, sports betting was legal in just three states.  Today you...

Subdivision Performance Guarantees

February 7, 2014 12:00 am
So the county granted initial approval for a large residential subdivision.  Now, after completing some (but not all) of the roads and infrastructure, the developer wants final plat approval so she can close on the first round of lot sales.  This may be practical—the cash flow from early lots may support the subsequent infrastructure—but it relies upon a developer’s promise to follow through with adequate remaining improvements.  What if the improvements are not built to standard? What if the economy tumbles and the developer goes bankrupt?  What becomes of those expensive infrastructure needs?

A New Interpretation of the Preaudit Requirement

November 8, 2012 12:00 am
UPDATE August 2013: The Court of Appeals reaffirmed this new interpretation in May 2013. Click here for more details. In July 2008, the Jones County Department of Social Services (JCDSS) entered into an oral services contract with a medical transportation services company. The contract was for one year. It was renewed annually in July of 2009, 2010, and 2011. JCDSS terminated the contract in November 2011. The company sued for breach of contract. JCDSS subsequently filed motions to dismiss the case, arguing that no valid contract existed. The trial court denied the motions. On appeal, however, the North Carolina Court of Appeals reversed the...

Court of Appeals Reaffirms New Interpretation of Pre-audit Requirement

May 23, 2013 12:00 am
In Executive Medical Transportation, Inc. v Jones County Department of Social Services, 735 S.E.2d 352 (NC Ct. App. 2012), disc. rev. den’d, 737 S.E.2d 378 (N.C. 2013), the North Carolina Court of Appeals held that an oral agreement between a medical transport company and the county was void because the agreement did not include a written preaudit certificate. As I discussed here, the court interpreted G.S. 159-28(a) (commonly referred to as the preaudit requirement) to require that all contractual agreements that obligate a local government or public authority to pay money within the current fiscal year include a preaudit certificate. This holding effectively requires that...

New Law Modernizes Preaudit and Disbursement Processes–Part II

September 24, 2015 12:00 am
Effective October 1, 2015, local governments, public authorities, and school units are subject to new preaudit and disbursement processes. In S.L. 2015-246, the legislature modified G.S. 159-28 (applicable to local governments and public authorities) and G.S. 115C-441 (applicable to school units) to address common issues faced by local units in implementing the preaudit and disbursement requirements, particularly with respect to electronic transactions. (The changes do not apply to ABC Boards, which will continue to be subject to the existing preaudit and disbursement requirements under G.S. 18B-702.) This post summarizes the changes to the disbursement process. Click here for a discussion of the new preaudit provisions.

New Law Modernizes the Preaudit and Disbursement Processes — Part I

June 25, 2015 12:00 am
In recent years local governments and public authorities (collectively, local units) have struggled to comply with the statutory preaudit (G.S. 159-28(a)) and disbursement (G.S. 159-28(b) & (d)) processes, in particular when making web-based purchases, or when using credit cards, purchase cards, and fuel cards. In 2013 the North Carolina Court of Appeals made compliance even more difficult when it interpreted the provisions of G.S. 159-28(a) to require that all obligations subject to preaudit be in writing. See Howard v. County of Durham, 748 S.E.2d 1 (NC Ct. App. 2013), disc. rev. den’d, 367 N.C. 238 (N.C. 2013); Executive Medical Transportation, Inc. v Jones County Department...

The Perils of Preauditing P-Cards (and Other Electronic Payment Methods)

October 11, 2013 12:00 am
A county ambulance crew member calls Fiona, the county finance officer, at 9pm on Sunday night. The crew just responded to their third call of the night and he needs to refuel the ambulance. Fiona grabs a copy of the county’s budget ordinance and a printout of current expenditures and encumbrances and rushes out the door to meet the ambulance crew at a gas station several miles from her home. When Fiona arrives the crew member gives her an estimate of the amount of gas needed. Fiona notes the current per-gallon price and calculates the total cost to be $72.65. She quickly...

Five Criteria to Consider When Thinking About Taxes

April 17, 2023 12:00 am
Taxes are a necessary aspect of any modern society, as they provide the government with the resources needed to provide public goods and services such as infrastructure, healthcare, education, and security. However, not all taxes are created equal, and policymakers must take into account various criteria when designing and implementing tax policies. In this blog post, we will discuss five tax criteria: economic efficiency, equity, adequacy, feasibility, and transparency.

So, Your Jurisdiction is Thinking of Starting a Revenue Manual…

October 12, 2021 12:00 am
Consulting and updating your revenue manual is the first step of the administrative process for revenue forecasting.  At least, that is what I say when I teach revenue forecasting.  Of course, when I then turn to the course participants and ask how many of them have revenue manuals in their jurisdiction only one or two raise their hands.  In fact, there are some years when no one raises their hand.

Mirror, Mirror on the wall, How much revenue will we generate this fall?

February 27, 2017 12:00 am
Yup, you guessed it, today’s blog post is on revenue forecasting!  My current blog series is about some of the non-legal finance issues that are out there and revenue forecasting, while required by law, is a really important one!  There are many people that are involved with revenue forecasting in local governments. While many outside of government may just assume that there is some accountant or budget wonk sitting in a back room who is somehow magically able (or has some very scientific formula) to predict how much money is going to be coming in next year, we know better.

The Bank Reconciliation: A Key Internal Control in Financial Management

April 8, 2024 12:00 am
What if I said there’s a process that, when regularly performed, provides the following benefits: (1) increased accuracy in financial reporting, (2) early fraud detection, and (3) less time spent preparing for the annual financial audit—would you believe me? It probably sounds too good to be true. But, luckily, it’s not. Such a process exists—it is the bank reconciliation process.

2018 System Development Fee Law Changes

June 26, 2018 1:08 pm
In the 2017 legislative session, the General Assembly specifically authorized all local government utility providers to charge upfront fees for water and wastewater services. The legislation, however, limited the types of upfront charges that could be assessed on new development within the unit’s territorial boundaries. A prior post summarized the new law and detailed the new procedural requirements for adopting upfront water or wastewater charges. This post details changes the legislature made to the law during the 2018 legislative session.

Potential Changes to North Carolina’s Property Tax Relief Programs

March 26, 2025 3:14 pm
Every year bills are filed with the North Carolina General Assembly to expand the reach of our state’s three residential property tax relief programs, the elderly/disabled homestead exclusion (GS 105-277.1), the circuit breaker exclusion (GS 105-277.1B), and the disabled veteran’s … Read more

Executive Order 14173 Imposes New Contract Clauses and Certification Requirements for Local Governments

February 21, 2025 4:13 pm
Note: Updates regarding ongoing litigation are included at the bottom of this blog post. Overview On January 21, 2025, President Trump issued Executive Order 14173, entitled Ending Illegal Discrimination and Restoring Merit-Based Opportunity (the “EO”). The EO states that practices … Read more

Allocating Property Taxes For Residential Sales

February 17, 2025 12:00 am

Collecting Other Taxes & Fees

November 20, 2024 12:00 am

System Development Fees: (An Imperfect) Tool for Growth Management

April 22, 2025 4:47 pm
Updated May 21, 2025 to reflect recent NC Court of Appeals decision in Adams Homes AEC, LLC v. Stanly County, COA24-924 (May 21, 2025). Water and wastewater services play a vital role in helping communities grow and thrive. When these … Read more

Budgeting for Sales and Use Tax Payments by Local Governments and Refunds to Local Governments

May 12, 2025 2:37 pm
North Carolina law authorizes an annual refund of state and local sales and use taxes paid by counties, municipalities, and certain other governmental entities on their direct purchases of tangible personal property and services. See G.S. 105-164.14; G.S. 105-467(b). Taxes paid by contractors on … Read more

Changes to the Law Enforcement Separation Allowance: What Finance and Budget Officers Need to Know

June 16, 2025 7:28 pm
Effective July 1, 2025, Session Law 2025-8 (HB 50) amends G.S. 143-166.42, which governs the Law Enforcement Special Separation Allowance (LESSA) for local law enforcement officers. While the core structure of the LESSA remains unchanged, the new law introduces an alternative benefit … Read more

State Now Covers Water and Sewer Relocation Costs for More Municipal Utilities

July 9, 2025 7:37 am
When a state transportation project requires the relocation of water or sewer lines, the cost of moving that infrastructure often falls on the local government that owns it. These expenses, known as nonbetterment costs, can be significant, especially for smaller … Read more

Budgeting for Disaster Recovery Cashflow Loans

April 10, 2025 1:06 pm
Many thanks to Greg Allison, Sharon Edmundson, and Lee Carter for their invaluable input on this post. In the aftermath of a disaster, local governments often struggle with the financial burden of paying for the recovery and continuing normal operations. … Read more

Emergency Home Repair Loans: Local Government as Financial Bridge

November 26, 2024 3:11 pm
While the response to Hurricane Helene continues, local governments are looking ahead to the long road to recovery. In a report issued by the North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management (OSBM), Hurricane Helene Recovery Recommendations: Preliminary Damage and … Read more

Considering Veteran-Owned Businesses for Federally Funded Contracts

November 11, 2024 1:55 pm
As part of the 2024 revisions to the Uniform Guidance, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) expanded the list of targeted businesses for socioeconomic contracting consideration to include veteran-owned businesses. The revised language of 2 C.F.R.

Performing a Cost or Price Analysis under the Uniform Guidance

October 24, 2024 12:25 pm

Local Funding for Charter Schools (Including New County Funding Authority for Charter School Capital)

April 10, 2024 4:23 pm
2023 marked 27 years since the inception of charter schools in North Carolina. And it brought some big changes to charter school governance, growth, and funding. See S.L. 2023-107; S.L. 2023-110. Among these changes was the grant of authority to counties to fund certain charter school capital outlay. It presents an opportune time to review the local funding scheme for charter schools.

Local Government Commission Approval of Certain Public Enterprise Agreements

March 22, 2024 9:17 am
The Local Government Commission (LGC) is a nine-member state body situated in the Department of State Treasurer. G.S. Ch. 159, Art. 2. The commission monitors the fiscal management and financial condition of local governments and public authorities (providing assistance and … Read more

2023 Updates to System Development Fee Law

October 25, 2023 2:10 pm
As discussed in previous posts, the system development fee (SDF) law, G.S. Ch. 162A, Art. 8, allows a local government utility provider to assess certain costs of developing and maintaining its water and/or wastewater systems on new development that benefits … Read more

How Often Do Local General Obligation Bond Referenda Succeed in North Carolina?

July 13, 2023 9:20 am
Data from the last ten years of county and municipal elections in North Carolina reveals that voters rarely reject proposals to issue general obligation (“GO”) bonds at the ballot box.  From November 2012 through and including November 2022, North Carolina voters approved 202 of the 213 (94.8%) county and municipal GO bond referenda put before them.  Out of a proposed issuance volume of approximately $14.592 billion, voters authorized counties and municipalities to issue up to $14.376 billion in GO debt (or 98.5% of all GO bond a

County Legal Authority to Fund Non-Mandated Social Services Programs

June 6, 2023 10:10 am
State law requires North Carolina counties to administer and provide a number of social services and public assistance programs described in Chapter 108A of the North Carolina General Statutes, including (among others) Work First, Food and Nutrition Services, Medicaid, child … Read more

Buy American? Buy America? Build America? Domestic Procurement Preferences in Federal Financial Assistance

April 3, 2023 4:43 pm
North Carolina’s local governments have been inundated with federal funds since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020.  But the complexity and quantity of the rules applicable to the expenditure of those monies have not decreased since the … Read more

What North Carolina’s Local Governments Should Know About Use Taxes

March 31, 2023 12:21 pm
Unlike the vast majority of states, North Carolina does not excuse a local government from paying sales or use taxes incident to its purchases solely because it is a governmental entity.  Instead, unless state law exempts a particular type of … Read more

A Lesser-Known Local Government Revenue Source in North Carolina: “Meals” Taxes

March 27, 2023 12:50 pm
Find the last receipt you received when ordering food or drinks from a North Carolina restaurant.  How much tax did you pay?  What types of taxes did you pay? Even if the receipt did not break out each type of … Read more

North Carolina Sales and Use Taxes and Purchases of “Repair, Maintenance, and Installation Services” – What Local Governments Should Know

December 6, 2022 4:38 pm
My colleague Chris McLaughlin correctly noted in 2019 that “[s]ales taxes are, for the most part, a state government issue.”  The North Carolina Department of Revenue (“NCDOR”)—not North Carolina’s local governments—administers and collects sales and use taxes.  The North Carolina General Assembly—not North Carolina’s local governments—determines how NCDOR must distribute the proceeds of sales and use taxes.

Impending Changes to Bonding Requirements for Finance Officers: Prepare Now For January 1, 2023 and Beyond

November 23, 2022 8:00 am
Since 2005, the Local Government Budget and Fiscal Control Act (“LGBFCA”) has required finance officers of units of local government and public authorities in North Carolina to provide to their respective entities a “faithful performance bond with sufficient sureties in … Read more

N.C. Court of Appeals Addresses a Dispute Over Local Sales and Use Tax Distributions: Town of Boone v. Watauga County

November 22, 2022 1:17 pm
UPDATE (3/3/23):  The North Carolina Supreme Court denied the Town of Boone’s Petition for Discretionary Review, filed on December 20, 2022. In an unpublished decision released on November 15 (Town of Boone v. Watauga County, 2022-NCCOA-778 (Nov. 15, 2022)), the … Read more

Local Government Commission (LGC) Approval of Bonds, Installment Financings, Leases, and Other Contracts Involving Capital Assets (Including Recent Changes Related to Local Governments on the Unit Assistance List)

October 28, 2022 11:44 am
Which of the following proposed transactions require that the local government or public authority first seek approval from the State’s Local Government Commission (LGC)? 1.

Design-Build Contracting in North Carolina Using Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds

April 14, 2022 12:06 pm
The U.S. Department of the Treasury has stated in its Interim Final Rule and Final Rule applicable to Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds (“Fiscal Recovery Funds”) that, with few exceptions, the procurement standards contained in the Uniform Administrative … Read more

Force Majeure Clauses and COVID-19

April 2, 2020 9:22 pm
COVID-19 has caused attorneys, units of government, and businesses across the country to review a common “boilerplate” provision in many contracts: the force majeure clause. For those of us who, like me, lack French fluency, force majeure means “superior force.”  … Read more

New Law Modifies Construction Indemnification and Prohibits Duty-to-Defend in Design Professional Contracts

August 6, 2019 10:34 pm
For those not familiar with Chapter 22B of the North Carolina General Statutes, this Chapter prohibits certain contract provisions by making those provisions void and unenforceable as a matter of public policy. The restrictions in Chapter 22B apply to all contracts, including those with a governmental entity as well as those between private parties.

CRFs for SDFs (aka Capital Reserve Funds for System Development Fees)

May 24, 2018 2:49 pm
Local governments and public authorities (collectively, local units) that own or operate water and sewer systems must implement the new system development fee schedule by July 1, 2018, in order to begin charging (or continue charging) certain upfront fees for new development. Units are now looking to put policies in place to administer those fees according to state law directives.

Preauditing Electronic Transactions Just Got (A Little) Easier

March 23, 2018 10:11 am
The preaudit is a statutory internal control process to ensure that public funds are spent appropriately. If implemented properly the preaudit can be an effective tool in preventing and/or mitigating employee mistake, misappropriation, and even fraud. The problem with the … Read more

Companies that Boycott Israel – New Contracting Limitation But No Action Required Yet!

August 17, 2017 11:59 am
During the final week of the recently adjourned 2017 legislative session, the General Assembly enacted S.L.

Iran Divestment Act Changes – No Certification Required Anymore!

August 16, 2017 4:18 pm
In 2015, the General Assembly enacted the Iran Divestment Act (IDA) which prohibits state agencies and local governments from contracting with a company that the NC State Treasurer has determined invests more than $20 million dollars in the Iranian energy sector (for more information on the IDA, see this blog post

Excusing Board Members from Voting on the Budget

June 19, 2017 3:00 pm
North Carolina city and county governing board members have a duty to vote. The general voting statutes, G.S. 153A-44 (counties) and G.S. 160A-75 (cities), allow members to be excused from voting on matters involving their “own financial interest.” What if … Read more

Refunding Other Taxes and Fees

December 7, 2016 2:11 pm
Time for a pop quiz: G.S. 105-381 governs refunds and releases (aka waivers) of which of these local government taxes and fees? A.  Property taxes. B.  Occupancy taxes. C.  Solid waste fees. D.  Water & sewer fees. E.  All of the … Read more The post Refunding Other Taxes and Fees appeared first on Coates’ Canons NC Local Government Law.

Donations to Local Governments

November 30, 2016 4:25 pm
For many this is the season of giving. In that spirit, this post addresses frequently asked questions about donations to local governments. May a local government or public authority (collectively referred to as “local unit”) accept donations of real or … Read more

UPDATED: Municipalities (and Counties) Not Authorized to Charge Certain Impact (aka Capacity, System Development) Fees

September 14, 2016 2:41 pm
UPDATE: A draft version of this blog post was published by accident earlier today. Please disregard that post. It contains incomplete information. The following is the final version of the blog post.

2016 Changes to Municipal Service District (MSD) Authority

June 17, 2016 2:38 pm
In 2015, the legislature made a few significant changes to municipal service district (MSD) authority. (Those changes are summarized here.) The legislature made additional amendments to the MSD statutes this year.

Reimbursement Agreements

January 19, 2016 4:37 pm
A developer in town is seeking approval for a large new real estate project. The zoning and subdivision ordinances call for the developer to construct and dedicate public streets and parks and water infrastructure. But, the city has plans for some additional improvements adjacent to the development—a greenway on adjoining property and some intersection improvements nearby. The developer’s contractors will already be on site, grading land and constructing improvements. Could the city just pay the developer to build the city’s improvements, too?

May a Tourism Development Authority (TDA) Borrow Money?

December 21, 2015 3:56 pm
A Tourism Development Authority (TDA) is a local government entity that is typically created by a county or municipality to administer and expend local occupancy tax proceeds. Generally a TDA is a separate legal entity from the county or municipality that established it, although it may be reported as a component unit of the local government for financial reporting purposes.

Expanded Motor Vehicle License Tax Authority for Municipalities

November 9, 2015 4:04 pm
A municipality currently is authorized under general law to levy up to a $5.00 licensing tax on any motor vehicle resident in the municipality (motor vehicle license tax). See G.S. 20-97(b). A municipality’s governing board may levy the tax in … Read more

2015 Powell Bill Changes

November 2, 2015 3:57 pm
In addition to local funding sources, municipalities receive some financial assistance from the State to help pay for the construction, maintenance and repair of municipal streets. The legislation that first established this distribution is known as the Powell Bill (after … Read more

Local Sales and Use Tax Changes and New State Revenue Sharing Requirement

October 26, 2015 3:36 pm
There was a lot of buzz around sales tax reform during the past legislative session. Several different proposals were introduced, ranging from changing the allocation methods of existing local sales taxes to converting local sales taxes to state taxes. Many … Read more

Changes to Municipal Service District (MSD) Authority

October 19, 2015 4:22 pm
In the state budget bill, S.L. 2015-241, the legislature made a few changes to municipal service district (MSD) authority. An MSD is a defined area within a municipality in which the unit’s governing board levies an additional property tax in order to provide projects or extra services that benefit the properties in the district. (Counties have similar authority, referred to as county service districts.) A service district is not a separate government.

E-Verify Contracting Requirements

October 5, 2015 5:21 pm
In the waning days of the 2015 legislative session, the General Assembly enacted legislation that once again changes the E-Verify contracting prohibition for state and local government contracts. In some respects HB318 (Protect North Carolina Workers Act) limits the prohibition; in … Read more

Business Registration Programs: A Few Questions and Answers

August 28, 2015 9:37 am
My colleague Chris McLaughlin has blogged repeatedly about the legal impact of the General Assembly’s repeal last year of the statutory authority for most local privilege license taxes (“LPLTs”). (See his blog posts here, here, and here.) Local governments – primarily cities – have lost significant revenue as a result of the repeal.

Legislative Commission Empowered to Examine, Evaluate, and Investigate Local Governments, Public Authorities, and Their Private Contracting Parties

October 16, 2023 8:32 am
North Carolina local governments and public authorities (collectively “local units”) are subject to oversight by the State in various ways. The Local Government Commission monitors the fiscal health of all local units, sets rules for financial management and audit compliance, and has the authority to impose additional interventions under certain circumstances. Other state agencies set rules and provide compliance and performance oversight of particular local units, often related to State grants or other funding.

The Religious Exemption from Property Taxes

October 18, 2023 4:13 pm
The religious exemption created by G.S. 105-278.3 may produce more difficult questions than the rest of the Machinery Act combined.  This post summarizes the religious exemption’s legal requirements and tries to answer some of those thorny eligibility questions. Ownership and Use Requirements
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